The arrest and rendition of Venezuela’s erstwhile president, Nicolás Maduro, followed by US president Donald Trump’s announcement that the US will be “running” Venezuela henceforth, illustrate what is meant by the ‘Donroe’ doctrine. The spheres of influence described by President James Monroe in 1823 have been redrawn to accommodate the current ambitions of the US, in a global environment where the principal challenger to US hegemony across the Americas is now China, not the European powers. How are global markets